This study aims to examine the impact of foreign bank entry (FBE) on financial inclusion in the MENA region, using a panel regression model with data from 21 countries over the period 2000–2021. It investigates whether this impact is conditional to the level of financial development and institutional quality. Specifically, the framework uses modernization theory to hypothesize that FBE enhances financial services access and usage through efficiency gains and improved banking practices.
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